8.1 \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e93\uff0c\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7ec4\uff0c\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.1.1 \u8fdb\u7a0b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587(secure context)\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ee3\u7406\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u53d1\u8d77\u8005\u8c03\u7528\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e93\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u54ea\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u53d1\u8d77\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.1.2 \u5e93<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5e93\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5171\u4eab\u5e93<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.1.3 \u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7ec4\u548c\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
linux\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u786c\u4ef6\u90fd\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u51ed\u8bc1\uff0c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ec4\uff1a\u5173\u8054\u7528\u6237\u548c\u6743\u9650\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6307\u6d3e\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6743\u9650\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u80fd\u529b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5c5e\u4e3b\uff0c\u5c5e\u7ec4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.2 \u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.2.1 \u6743\u9650\u5206\u7c7b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6743\u9650\u5206\u4e3ar, w, x<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
r\uff1a\u53ef\u8bfb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3ccat\u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
w\uff1a\u53ef\u5199\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u8f91\u6216\u5220\u9664\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
x: \u53ef\u6267\u884c\uff0ceXacutable\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u4e0b\u5f53\u4f5c\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5185\u6838\u8fd0\u884c\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76ee\u5f55\u6765\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
r: \u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6b64\u76ee\u5f55\u6267\u884cls\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
w: \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6b64\u76ee\u5f55\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
x: \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528cd\u5207\u6362\u8fdb\u6b64\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528ls -l\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.2.2 rwx\u548c\u6570\u503c\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rwx:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
r–:\u53ea\u8bfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
r-x:\u8bfb\u548c\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
—\uff1a\u65e0\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0 000 —\uff1a\u65e0\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1 001 –x: \u6267\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2 010 -w-: \u5199<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3 011 -wx: \u5199\u548c\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4 100 r–: \u53ea\u8bfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5 101 r-x: \u8bfb\u548c\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6 110 rw-: \u8bfb\u5199<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7 111 rwx: \u8bfb\u5199\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
755\uff1arwxr-xr-x\uff08\u5e38\u7528\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u8bfb\u548c\u6267\u884c\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3 \u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3.1 UID\uff0cGID\u548cshadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\uff1aUID\uff08\u6807\u8bc6\u7528\u6237\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff09, \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ec4\uff1aGID\uff08\u6807\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff09\uff0c \/etc\/group<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u89e3\u6790\uff1a\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6765\u7684ID\u53f7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f71\u5b50\u53e3\u4ee4(\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u653e\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e)\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\u5bc6\u7801\u653e\u7f6e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a\/etc\/shadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\u653e\u7f6e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a\/etc\/gshadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3.2 \u7528\u6237\u548c\u7ec4\u5206\u7c7b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\u7c7b\u522b\uff08\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\uff1aID\u53f7\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e3a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\uff1aID\u53f7\u4e3acaca 1-65535<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237\uff1a1-499(\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u6765\u8fd0\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u767b\u5f55\u7cfb\u7edf)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u6237\uff1a500-60000<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7c7b\u522b1\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u666e\u901a\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e00\u822c\u7ec4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7528\u6237\u7ec4\u7c7b\u522b2\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79c1\u6709\u7ec4\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u5176\u6307\u5b9a\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u540d\u540c\u540d\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u7ec4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ec4\uff08\u6b64\u7ec4\u91cc\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u672c\u7528\u6237\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\uff0c\u989d\u5916\u7ec4\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7ec4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u7ec4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u67e5\u770b\u8fd0\u884c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237\u65e0\u6743\u9650\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5219\u67e5\u770b\u6b64\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7ec4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u4e5f\u65e0\u6743\u9650\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5219\u6b64\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3.3 passwd\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
root:x:0:0:root:\/root:\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bin:x:1:1:bin:\/bin:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:\/sbin:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
adm:x:3:4:adm:\/var\/adm:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lp:x:4:7:lp:\/var\/spool\/lpd:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sync:x:5:0:sync:\/sbin:\/bin\/sync<\/p>\n\n\n\n
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:\/sbin:\/sbin\/shutdown<\/p>\n\n\n\n
halt:x:7:0:halt:\/sbin:\/sbin\/halt<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mail:x:8:12:mail:\/var\/spool\/mail:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
operator:x:11:0:operator:\/root:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
games:x:12:100:games:\/usr\/games:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:\/var\/ftp:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:\/:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:\/:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:\/:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
polkitd:x:999:998:User for polkitd:\/:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:\/var\/lib\/rpcbind:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:\/var\/lib\/nfs:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:\/var\/lib\/nfs:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:\/var\/empty\/sshd:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
postfix:x:89:89::\/var\/spool\/postfix:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chrony:x:998:995::\/var\/lib\/chrony:\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
passwd\u6587\u4ef6\u663e\u793a\u987a\u5e8f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
account: \u767b\u5f55\u540d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
password: \u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UID\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u7684ID\u53f7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GID\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4ID<\/p>\n\n\n\n
comment: \u6ce8\u91ca\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5168\u540d\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
HOME DIR\uff1a\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SHELL\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4shell\uff0c\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u7684shell\u65e0\u6cd5\u767b\u9646\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u767b\u9646<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3.4 \u7528\u6237\u7684shell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u67e5\u770b\u5408\u6cd5shell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/etc\/shells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/bin\/sh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/usr\/bin\/sh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/usr\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.3.5 shadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bc6\u7801\u653e\u7f6e\u4f4d\u7f6e\/etc\/shadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/etc\/shadow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
root:!!:17924:0:99999:7:::<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bin:*:17834:0:99999:7:::<\/p>\n\n\n\n
daemon:*:17834:0:99999:7:::<\/p>\n\n\n\n
shadow\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
account: \u767b\u5f55\u540d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
encrypted password: \u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1970\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u5230\u5bc6\u7801\u4e0a\u6b21\u66f4\u6539\u7684\u5929\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bc6\u7801\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5929\u6570\uff0c0\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bc6\u7801\u5feb\u8981\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u5929\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bbd\u9650\u7684\u53ea\u80fd\u6539\u5bc6\u7801\u7684\u51e0\u5929<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8.4 \u6570\u636e\u52a0\u5bc6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6570\u636e\u52a0\u5bc6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff081\uff09\u5bf9\u79f0\u52a0\u5bc6\uff1a\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u89e3\u5bc6\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff082\uff09\u516c\u94a5\u52a0\u5bc6\uff08\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u52a0\u5bc6\uff09\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bc6\u7801\u90fd\u6210\u5bf9\u513f\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u79c1\u94a5(secret key)\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u516c\u94a5(public key)\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u5bc6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff083\uff09\u5355\u5411\u52a0\u5bc6\uff0c\u6563\u5217\u52a0\u5bc6\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u660e\u6587\u53d6\u5f97\u5bc6\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u5bc6\u6587\u53d6\u5f97\u660e\u6587\uff09\uff1a\u63d0\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u7279\u5f81\u7801\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u6821\u9a8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5355\u5411\u52a0\u5bc6\u7279\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u96ea\u5d29\u6548\u5e94\uff08\u8774\u8776\u6548\u5e94\uff09\uff1a\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u6539\u53d8\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6539\u53d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cp \/etc\/inittab .\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
66a88d6c4d693170753ea3382f8bc150 inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vim inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-bash: vim: command not found<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vi inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
568c018aebe36cf208fc32c465e4b120 inittab<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b9a\u957f\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
MD5\uff1aMessage Digest, 128\u4f4d\u5b9a\u957f\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SHA1\uff1aSecure Hash Algorithm, 160\u4f4d\u5b9a\u957f\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bc6\u7801\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u6709\u52a0\u4e0a\u7684\u6742\u8d28\uff08salt\uff09\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u76f8\u540c\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5bc6\u7801\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5bc6\u6587\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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