11.1 I\/O\u4ee5\u53caI\/O\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
11.1.1 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u53ca\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ba1\u9053\u548c\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\uff1a> < >> << <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a5\u5927\u90e8\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fd0\u7b97\u5668\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5668\uff1a CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff1aRAM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8f93\u5165\u8bbe\u5907\/\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1a\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u6570\u636e\uff08\u653e\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u63a7\u5236\u5668\uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u8bfb\u53d6\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8fd0\u7b97\u5668\uff1a\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u7ebf\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u7b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\uff1a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5b58\u50a8\u5668\u4e2d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u4e09\u5927\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5730\u5740\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a\u5185\u5b58\u5bfb\u5740<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6570\u636e\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a\u4f20\u8f93\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u63a7\u5236\u603b\u7ebf\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u6307\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1aCPU\u6682\u65f6\u5b58\u50a8\u5668<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I\/O\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\uff09: \u786c\u76d8\uff0c\u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u9f20\u6807<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\uff1aINPUT\u8bbe\u5907\uff0cOUTPUT\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\uff1a\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0cSTDOUT, 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u5165\u8bbe\u5907\uff1a\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165, STDIN, 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\uff1aSTDERR, 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u952e\u76d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u5668\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5ec9\u4ef7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u51fa\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
passwd –stdin\uff08\u83b7\u53d6\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u4e3a\u5bc6\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n
11.1.2 I\/O\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I\/O\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\uff1a\u5c06\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6765\u6e90\u6539\u53d8\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls \/var<\/p>\n\n\n\n
adm crash empty gopher lib lock mail opt run tmp<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cache db games kerberos local log nis preserve spool yp<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls \/var >\/var\/var.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vim \/var\/var.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/var\/var.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
adm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cache<\/p>\n\n\n\n
crash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
db<\/p>\n\n\n\n
empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Linux:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff081\uff09\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
>: \u8986\u76d6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
>>\uff1a\u8ffd\u52a0\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
set -C: \u7981\u6b62\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4f7f\u7528\u8986\u76d6\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u5f3a\u5236\u8986\u76d6\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528 >|<\/p>\n\n\n\n
set +C: \u5173\u95ed\u4e0a\u8ff0\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff082\uff09\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2>: \u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2>>: \u8ffd\u52a0\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls \/varr > \/tmp\/var.out 2> \/tmp\/err.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/tmp\/err.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ls: cannot access \/varr: No such file or directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uff083\uff09\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u540c\u65f6\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
&>: \u91cd\u5b9a\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u8f93\u51fa\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls \/varr &> \/tmp\/var.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/tmp\/var.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ls: cannot access \/varr: No such file or directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2\u3001\u8f93\u5165\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u91cd\u5b9a\u5411<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<<\uff1aHere Document\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u5904\u751f\u6210\u6587\u6863<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat << END<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> 234<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> END<\/p>\n\n\n\n
123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
234<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat << EOF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> EOF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat >> ‘.\/test.txt’ << EOF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> 234<\/p>\n\n\n\n
> EOF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat .\/test.txt<\/p>\n\n\n\n
123<\/p>\n\n\n\n
234<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3\u3001\u7ba1\u9053<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ba1\u9053\uff1a\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f93\u5165<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u547d\u4ee41 | \u547d\u4ee42 | \u547d\u4ee43 | \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tee \uff1a\u65e2\u663e\u793a\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53c8\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# echo “hello world”| tee \/tmp\/hello.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hello world<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat \/tmp\/hello.out<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hello world<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# wc -l \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
32 \/etc\/passwd<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# wc -l \/etc\/passwd | cut -d’ ‘ -f1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
32<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\/usr\/bin\/\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2a\u6570\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# ls \/usr\/bin | wc -l<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin | wc -l<\/p>\n\n\n\n
790<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin | head -1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
total 64504<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin | head -2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
total 64504<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 41544 Oct 31 2018 [<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin | head -3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
total 64504<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 41544 Oct 31 2018 [<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 107848 Feb 3 00:33 a2p<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin | head -4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
total 64504<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 41544 Oct 31 2018 [<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 107848 Feb 3 00:33 a2p<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 29200 Oct 30 2018 addr2line<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -lh \/usr\/bin | head -1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
total 64M<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2\u3001\u53d6\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684shell\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cdshell\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u663e\u793a\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cut -d: -f7 \/etc\/passwd | sort -u<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/bin\/sh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/bin\/sync<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/sbin\/halt<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/sbin\/nologin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/sbin\/shutdown<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3\u3001\u601d\u8003\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u663e\u793a\/var\/log\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7c7b\u578b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# file \/var\/log\/*<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/anaconda: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/audit: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/boot.log: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/btmp: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/chrony: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/cron: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/grubby_prune_debug: ASCII text<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/lastlog: 8086 relocatable (Microsoft)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/maillog: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/messages: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/qemu-ga: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/rhsm: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/secure: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/spooler: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/tallylog: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/tuned: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/wtmp: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/var\/log\/yum.log: ASCII text<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# file `ls \/var\/log`<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anaconda: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
audit: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
boot.log: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
btmp: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chrony: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cron: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grubby_prune_debug: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lastlog: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
maillog: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
messages: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
qemu-ga: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rhsm: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
secure: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
spooler: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tallylog: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tuned: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
wtmp: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
yum.log: cannot open (No such file or directory)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cd \/var\/log<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 log]# file `ls \/var\/log`<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anaconda: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
audit: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
boot.log: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
btmp: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chrony: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
cron: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grubby_prune_debug: ASCII text<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lastlog: 8086 relocatable (Microsoft)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
maillog: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
messages: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
qemu-ga: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
rhsm: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
secure: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
spooler: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tallylog: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tuned: directory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
wtmp: empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n
yum.log: ASCII text<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 log]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4\u3001\u53d6\u51fa\/etc\/inittab\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c6\u884c\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# head -6 \/etc\/inittab | tail -1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5\u3001\u53d6\u51fa\/etc\/passwd\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5012\u6570\u7b2c9\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548cshell\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4fdd\u5b58\u81f3\/tmp\/users\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# tail -9 \/etc\/passwd | head -1 | cut -d: -f1,7 | tee \/tmp\/users<\/p>\n\n\n\n
user9:\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6\u3001\u663e\u793a\/etc\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4ee5pa\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u7edf\u8ba1\u5176\u4e2a\u6570\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# ls -d \/etc\/pa* | wc -l<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7\u3001\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u672c\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff0c\u5c06alias cls=clear\u4e00\u884c\u5185\u5bb9\u6dfb\u52a0\u81f3\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u7684.bashrc\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# echo “alias cls=clear” >> ~\/.bashrc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cat ~\/.bashrc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# .bashrc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# User specific aliases and functions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alias rm=’rm -i’<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alias cp=’cp -i’<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alias mv=’mv -i’<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# Source global definitions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
if [ -f \/etc\/bashrc ]; then<\/p>\n\n\n\n
. \/etc\/bashrc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
alias cls=clear<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]#<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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