33、程序包管理之四-编译安装

33.1 程序包编译安装流程

testapp-VERSION-release.src.rpmà安装后，使用rpmbuild命令制作成二进制格式的rpm包，而后再安装

源代码à预处理à编译（gcc）à汇编à链接à执行

33.2 源代码组织格式：

多文件：文件中的代码之间，很可能存在跨文件依赖关系；

C,C++:make(configureàMakefile.inàmakefile)

java:maven

33.3 编译安装三步骤

1、./configure:

（1）通过选项传递参数，指定启用特性，安装路径等；执行时会参考用户的指定以及makefile.in文件生成makefile

（2）检查依赖到的外部环境

2、make：

根据makefile文件，构建应用程序

3、makeinstall：

4、开发工具：

autoconf:生成configure脚本

automake：生成Makefile.in

33.4 开源程序源代码的获取：

官方自建站点：

apache.org(ASF)

mariadb.org

…

代码托管：

SourceForge

Github.com

code.google.com

C/C++:gcc(GNU C Complier)

33.5 编译C源代码：

1、前提：提供开发工具及开发环境

开发工具：make，gcc等，

开发环境：开发库，头文件

glibc：标准库

通过“包组”提供开发组件

CentOS6：“Development Tools”，“Server Platform Development”

2、配置步骤

第一步：configure脚本

选项：指定安装位置，指定启用的特性

–help：获取其支持使用的选项

选项分类：

安装路径设定：

–prefix=/PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE:指定默认安装路径

–sysconfigdir=/PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE:配置文件安装位置

System types：

Optional Features：可选特性

–disable-FEATURE

–enable-FEATURE[=ARG]

Optional Packages:可选包

–with-PACKAGE[=ARG]

–without-PACKAGE

第二步：make

第三步：make install

3、安装后的配置：

（1）导出二进制程序目录至PATH环境变量中；

编辑文件/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh

export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH

（2）导出库文件路径

编辑/etc/ld.so.conf.d/NAME.conf

添加新的库文件所在目录至此文件中

让系统重新生成缓存：

ldconfig [-v]

（3）导出头文件

基于链接的方式实现

ln -sv

（4）导出帮助手册

编辑/etc/man.config文件

添加一个MANPATH

联系：

1、yum的配置和使用；包括yum repository的创建

2、编译安装apache 2.2;启动此服务；

32、程序包管理之三-yum

32.1 yum简介

CentOS:yum,dnf

URL:yum仓库路径

YUM：yellow dog，Yellowdog Update Modifier

32.2 repository

1、yum repository: yum repo

存储了众多的yum包，以及包的相关的元数据文件（放置于特定目录下：repodata）;

2、文件服务器

ftp://

http://

nfs://

file://

3、yum 客户端：

配置文件：

/etc/yum.conf：为所有仓库提供公共配置

/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo:为仓库的指向提供配置

[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm -qc yum

/etc/logrotate.d/yum

/etc/yum.conf

/etc/yum/version-groups.conf

仓库指向的定义：

[repositoryID]

name=Some name for this respository

baseurl=url://path/to/respository/

enabled={1|0}

gpgcheck={1|0}

gpgkey=URL

enablegroups={1|0}

failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}

默认为roundrobin，意为随机挑选；

cost=

默认为1000

4、yum命令的用法

yum [options] [command] package

显示仓库列表

yum repolist [all|enabled|disabled]:显示仓库列表

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum repolist all

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

repo id repo name status

C7.0.1406-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 – Base disabled

C7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.0.1406-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 – Extras disabled

C7.0.1406-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.0.1406-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 – Updates disabled

C7.1.1503-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 – Base disabled

C7.1.1503-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.1.1503-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 – Extras disabled

C7.1.1503-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.1.1503-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 – Updates disabled

C7.2.1511-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 – Base disabled

C7.2.1511-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.2.1511-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 – Extras disabled

C7.2.1511-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.2.1511-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 – Updates disabled

C7.3.1611-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 – Base disabled

C7.3.1611-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.3.1611-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 – Extras disabled

C7.3.1611-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 – CentOSPlus disabled

C7.3.1611-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 – Updates disabled

!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – Base enabled: 10,072

base-debuginfo/x86_64 CentOS-7 – Debuginfo disabled

base-source/7 CentOS-7 – Base Sources disabled

c7-media CentOS-7 – Media disabled

centosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – Plus disabled

centosplus-source/7 CentOS-7 – Plus Sources disabled

cr/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – cr disabled

!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – Extras enabled: 476

extras-source/7 CentOS-7 – Extras Sources disabled

fasttrack/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – fasttrack disabled

!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 – Updates enabled: 2,189

updates-source/7 CentOS-7 – Updates Sources disabled

repolist: 12,737

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

显示程序包

yum list [all|glob_exp]:显示所有程序包或者自定义的程序包

yum list {avaliable|installed|updates} [glob_exp]

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum list all | head -20

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

Installed Packages

GConf2.x86_64 3.2.6-8.el7 @anaconda

GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @anaconda

ModemManager.x86_64 1.6.0-2.el7 @anaconda

ModemManager-glib.x86_64 1.6.0-2.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-libreswan.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-libreswan-gnome.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda

Exiting on Broken Pipe

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

安装程序包

yum install package

yum reinstall package重新安装

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum reinstall zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

No Match for argument: zsh

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

Package(s) zsh available, but not installed.

Error: Nothing to do

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum install zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===============================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

zsh x86_64 5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 base 2.4 M

Transaction Summary

===============================================================================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 2.4 M

Installed size: 5.6 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64.rpm | 2.4 MB 00:00:03

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2

Complete!

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

升级程序包

yum update package

yum downgrade package降级程序包

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum update zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

No packages marked for update

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum downgrade zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

Nothing to do

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

检查可用升级

yum check-update package

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum check-update python

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

python.x86_64 2.7.5-90.el7 updates

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

卸载程序包

yum remove|erase package

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum remove zsh.x86_64

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 will be erased

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

====================================================================================================

Removing:

zsh x86_64 5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 @base 5.6 M

Transaction Summary

====================================================================================================

Remove 1 Package

Installed size: 5.6 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Erasing : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1

Removed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2

Complete!

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

查看程序包information

yum info package

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum info zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

Installed Packages

Name : zsh

Arch : x86_64

Version : 5.0.2

Release : 34.el7_8.2

Size : 5.6 M

Repo : installed

From repo : base

Summary : Powerful interactive shell

URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/

License : MIT

Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login

: shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh

: shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports

: command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable

: command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history

: mechanism, and more.

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

查看指定的特性（可以是某文件）是由哪个程序包所提供

yum provides|whatprovides package

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum provides zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell

Repo : base

zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell

Repo : @base

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum whatprovides zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn

zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell

Repo : base

zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell

Repo : @base

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

清理本地缓存

yum clean all|packages|metadate…

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum clean all

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Cleaning repos: base extras updates

Cleaning up everything

Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos

Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum clean zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Error: invalid clean argument: ‘zsh’

Mini usage:

Remove cached data

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum clean packages

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Cleaning repos: base extras updates

0 package files removed

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

构建缓存

yum makecache

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum makecache

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00

extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00

updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00

(1/10): base/7/x86_64/primary_db | 6.1 MB 00:00:00

(2/10): base/7/x86_64/group_gz | 153 kB 00:00:01

(3/10): extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 235 kB 00:00:00

(4/10): updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 5.5 MB 00:00:00

(5/10): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db | 9.5 MB 00:00:00

(6/10): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db | 242 kB 00:00:00

(7/10): updates/7/x86_64/other_db | 681 kB 00:00:00

(8/10): extras/7/x86_64/other_db | 143 kB 00:00:01

(9/10): base/7/x86_64/other_db | 2.6 MB 00:00:03

(10/10): base/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 7.2 MB 00:00:07

Determining fastest mirrors

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.163.com

Metadata Cache Created

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

搜索

yum search string

以指定的关键字搜索程序包名及summary信息

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum search zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.163.com

========================================= N/S matched: zsh =========================================

zsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html format

zsh.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell

Name and summary matches only, use “search all” for everything.

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

查看指定报名所依赖的compabilities；

yum deplist package

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum deplist zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.163.com

package: zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-34.el7_8.2

dependency: /bin/sh

provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-34.el7

dependency: /sbin/install-info

provider: info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7

dependency: coreutils

provider: coreutils.x86_64 8.22-24.el7_9.2

dependency: grep

provider: grep.x86_64 2.20-3.el7

dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.15)(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libdl.so.2()(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libdl.so.2(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libm.so.6()(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libm.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libncursesw.so.5()(64bit)

provider: ncurses-libs.x86_64 5.9-14.20130511.el7_4

dependency: librt.so.1()(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: librt.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

dependency: libtinfo.so.5()(64bit)

provider: ncurses-libs.x86_64 5.9-14.20130511.el7_4

dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)

provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-324.el7_9

provider: glibc.i686 2.17-324.el7_9

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

查看yum事务历史

yum history

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum history

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered

——————————————————————————-

9 | root <root> | 2021-08-02 23:39 | Install | 1

8 | root <root> | 2021-08-02 23:38 | Erase | 1

7 | root <root> | 2021-08-02 23:35 | Install | 1

6 | root <root> | 2021-08-02 23:35 | Erase | 1 E<

5 | <oracle> | 2021-05-26 00:05 | Install | 1 >

4 | <oracle> | 2021-05-25 23:48 | Install | 1

3 | <oracle> | 2021-05-25 22:58 | I, U | 11

2 | daniel <daniel> | 2021-05-25 22:26 | I, U | 41 EE

1 | System <unset> | 2021-05-19 21:06 | Install | 1255

history list

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

安装及升级本地程序包

yum localinstall rpmfile

yum localupdate rpmfile

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum localinstall ./Packages/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Examining ./Packages/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm: zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64

Marking ./Packages/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm to be installed

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

====================================================================================================

Installing:

zsh x86_64 5.0.2-28.el7 /zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 5.6 M

Transaction Summary

====================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total size: 5.6 M

Installed size: 5.6 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7

Complete!

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

包组管理的相关命令

groupinstall

groupupdate

grouplist

groupremove

groupinfo

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

There is no installed groups file.

Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.163.com

Available Environment Groups:

Minimal Install

Compute Node

Infrastructure Server

File and Print Server

Basic Web Server

Virtualization Host

Server with GUI

GNOME Desktop

KDE Plasma Workspaces

Development and Creative Workstation

Available Groups:

Compatibility Libraries

Console Internet Tools

Development Tools

Graphical Administration Tools

Legacy UNIX Compatibility

Scientific Support

Security Tools

Smart Card Support

System Administration Tools

System Management

Done

[root@localhost cd-rom]# yum groupinstall “Basic Web Server”

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

There is no installed groups file.

Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

* base: mirrors.cn99.com

* extras: mirrors.cn99.com

* updates: mirrors.163.com

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package bpftool.x86_64 0:3.10.0-1160.36.2.el7 will be installed

—> Package crypto-utils.x86_64 0:2.4.1-42.el7 will be installed

–> Processing Dependency: perl(Newt) for package: crypto-utils-2.4.1-42.el7.x86_64

–> Processing Dependency: kernel(___ratelimit) = 0x155f4108 for package: kmod-kvdo-6.1.3.23-5.el7.x86_64

–> Processing Dependency: kernel >= 3.10.0-1133.el7 for package: kmod-kvdo-6.1.3.23-5.el7.x86_64

—> Package lshw.x86_64 0:B.02.18-17.el7 will be installed

—> Package mod_fcgid.x86_64 0:2.3.9-6.el7 will be installed

—> Package libselinux-utils.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7 will be an update

–> Processing Dependency: libselinux(x86-64) = 2.5-15.el7 for package: libselinux-utils-2.5-15.el7.x86_64

—> Package libsemanage.x86_64 0:2.5-8.el7 will be updated

–> Processing Dependency: libsemanage = 2.5-8.el7 for package: libsemanage-python-2.5-11.el7.x86_64

—> Package libselinux.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7 will be an update

—> Package libsemanage-python.x86_64 0:2.5-8.el7 will be updated

—> Package libsemanage-python.x86_64 0:2.5-14.el7 will be an update

—> Package setools-libs.x86_64 0:3.3.8-1.1.el7 will be updated

—> Package setools-libs.x86_64 0:3.3.8-4.el7 will be an update

–> Running transaction check

—> Package libselinux-python.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7 will be updated

—> Package libselinux-python.x86_64 0:2.5-15.el7 will be an update

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

====================================================================================================

64 2.4.6-97.el7.centos updates 93 k

libyaml x86_64 0.1.4-11.el7_0 base 55 k

mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 base 31 k

perl-Newt x86_64 1.08-36.el7 base 64 k

Updating for dependencies:

libselinux x86_64 2.5-15.el7 base 162 k

libselinux-python x86_64 2.5-15.el7 base 236 k

libselinux-utils x86_64 2.5-15.el7 base 151 k

libsemanage x86_64 2.5-14.el7 base 151 k

libsemanage-python x86_64 2.5-14.el7 base 113 k

libsepol x86_64 2.5-10.el7 base 297 k

linux-firmware noarch 20200421-80.git78c0348.el7_9 updates 80 M

policycoreutils x86_64 2.5-34.el7 base 917 k

policycoreutils-python x86_64 2.5-34.el7 base 457 k

python x86_64 2.7.5-90.el7 updates 96 k

python-libs x86_64 2.7.5-90.el7 updates 5.6 M

selinux-policy noarch 3.13.1-268.el7_9.2 updates 498 k

setools-libs x86_64 3.3.8-4.el7 base 620 k

sg3_utils-libs x86_64 1:1.37-19.el7 base 65 k

Transaction Summary

====================================================================================================

Install 11 Packages (+ 7 Dependent packages)

Upgrade 1 Package (+14 Dependent packages)

Total download size: 162 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]:

32.3 本地yum仓库配置

1、如何使用光盘当作本地yum仓库：

（1）挂载光盘至某目录，例如/media/cdrom

[root@localhost /]# mkdir /media/cdrom

[root@localhost /]# mount -r -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom

（2）创建配置文件

[base]

name=CentOSlocal

#mirrorlist=file:///opt/yum.repo/

baseurl=file:///media/cdrom

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

2、yum的命令行选项

–nogpgcheck：禁止进行gpg check

–y：自动回复yes

–q：静默模式

–disablerepo=repoidglob:临时禁用此处指定的repo；

–enablerepo=repoidglob:临时禁用此处指定的repo；

–noplugins:禁用所有插件

3、yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量

$releasesever：当前OS的发行版的主版本号

$arch：平台

$basearch:基础平台

$YUM0-$YUM9

4、创建yum仓库

createrepo [options] <directory>

repo格式

[base]

name=CentOS-$releasever – test

#mirrorlist=file:///opt/yum.repo

baseurl=file:///opt/yum.repo

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[root@localhost yum.repo]# createrepo /opt/yum.repo/

Spawning worker 0 with 974 pkgs

Spawning worker 1 with 974 pkgs

Spawning worker 2 with 973 pkgs

Spawning worker 3 with 973 pkgs

Workers Finished

Saving Primary metadata

Saving file lists metadata

Saving other metadata

Generating sqlite DBs

Sqlite DBs complete

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum clean all

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Cleaning repos: base

Cleaning up everything

Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos

[root@localhost yum.repo]# rm -rf /var/cache/yum

[root@localhost yum.repo]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

base | 2.9 kB 00:00:00

base/primary_db | 3.0 MB 00:00:00

Determining fastest mirrors

repo id repo name status

base CentOS-7 – test 3,894

repolist: 3,894

[root@localhost yum.repo]# ll /opt/yum.repo/ | wc -l

3897

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum install z

zenity-3.22.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zsh.x86_64

zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-devel.x86_64 zziplib-0.13.62-5.el7.x86_64.rpm

zlib-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm zziplib.x86_64

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum install z

zenity-3.22.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-devel-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zsh.x86_64

zip-3.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm zlib-devel.x86_64 zziplib-0.13.62-5.el7.x86_64.rpm

zlib-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm zziplib.x86_64

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum install zsh

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Resolving Dependencies

–> Running transaction check

—> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7 will be installed

–> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================================================================================================

Package Arch Version Repository Size

===============================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

zsh x86_64 5.0.2-28.el7 base 2.4 M

Transaction Summary

===============================================================================================================================================================

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 2.4 M

Installed size: 5.6 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

Installing : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/1

Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 1/1

Installed:

zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7

Complete!

[root@localhost yum.repo]# yum list | grep zsh

zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-28.el7 @base

[root@localhost yum.repo]#

31、程序包管理之二-rpm

31.1 Centos系统上使用rpm管理安装包

安装，卸载，更新，查询，校验，数据库维护

31.1.1 安装：

rpm {-i|–install} [install options] package

-v：verbos

-vv:显示更多的详细信息

-h:以#显示程序包管理执行进度，每#表示2%的进度

rpm -ivh packagefile

[install-option]

–test:测试安装，但不真正执行安装过程

–nodeps：忽略依赖关系

–replacepkgs：重新安装

–nosignature：不检查来源合法性

–nodigest：不检查包完整性；

–noscripts：不执行程序包脚本片段preun

%pre:安装前脚本 –nopre

%post:安装后脚本 –nopost1

%preun：卸载前脚本 –nopreun

%postun：卸载后脚本–nopostun

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep zsh

[root@localhost ~]# cd /media/cd-rom/Packages/

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm –test

Preparing… ################################# [

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm –replace

–replacefiles –replacepkgs

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm –replace

–replacefiles –replacepkgs

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm –replacepkgs

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

[root@localhost Packages]#

31.1.2 升级

rpm {-U|–upgrade} [install options] package

rpm {-F|–freshen} [install options] package

upgrade:安装有旧版程序包，则升级；如果不存在旧版程序包，则安装

freeshen:安装有旧版程序包，则升级；如果不存在旧版程序包，则不执行

rpm -Uvh package

rpm -fvh package

–oldpackage:降级

–force：强行升级

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

package zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 is already installed

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Fvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Fvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm –force

Preparing… ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing…

1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]

[root@localhost Packages]#

注意：（1）不要对内核做升级操作；linux支持多内核版本并存，因此直接安装新版本内核即可

（2）如果对元程序包的配置文件安装后曾被修改，升级时，新版本提供的配置文件并不会直接覆盖旧版本的配置文件，而是把新版本的文件重命名后保存（filename.rpmnew）

31.1.3 查询

rpm {-q|–query} [select options] [quire options]

[select options]

-a:所有包

-f:查看指定文件由那个程序包安装生成

-p /PATH/TO/PACKAGE：针对尚未安装的程序文件做查询操作

–whatprovides CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY由哪个包所提供

–whatrequires CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY被哪个包所依赖

[quire options]

–changelog:查询rpm包的changelog

-c:查询程序的配置文件

-d:查询程序的文档

-i:information

-l:查看指定程序包安装后生成的所有文件

–scripts:查看程序包自带的脚本片段

-R：查询指定的程序包所依赖的CAPABILITY

–provides：列出指定程序包所提供的CAPABILITY

用法：

-qi PACKAGE，-qc PACKAGE，-ql PACKAGE,-qd PACKAGE,

-qf FILE，

-qpi PACKAGE_FILE,-qpl PACKAGE_FILE,…

-qa

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf zsh

error: file /media/cd-rom/Packages/zsh: No such file or directory

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi zsh

Name : zsh

Version : 5.0.2

Release : 28.el7

Architecture: x86_64

Install Date: Mon 02 Aug 2021 11:11:00 PM EDT

Group : System Environment/Shells

Size : 5855982

License : MIT

Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 10 Aug 2017 04:28:17 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5

Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.src.rpm

Build Date : Wed 02 Aug 2017 06:52:37 AM EDT

Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org

Relocations : (not relocatable)

Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>

Vendor : CentOS

URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/

Summary : Powerful interactive shell

Description :

The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login

shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh

shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports

command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable

command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history

mechanism, and more.

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /bin/zsh

zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qpi zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm

Name : zsh

Version : 5.0.2

Release : 28.el7

Architecture: x86_64

Install Date: (not installed)

Group : System Environment/Shells

Size : 5855982

License : MIT

Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 10 Aug 2017 04:28:17 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5

Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.src.rpm

Build Date : Wed 02 Aug 2017 06:52:37 AM EDT

Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org

Relocations : (not relocatable)

Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>

Vendor : CentOS

URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/

Summary : Powerful interactive shell

Description :

The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login

shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh

shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports

command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable

command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history

mechanism, and more.

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa | head -3

cups-pk-helper-0.2.6-2.el7.x86_64

teamd-1.25-5.el7.x86_64

ipxe-roms-qemu-20170123-1.git4e85b27.el7.noarch

[root@localhost Packages]#

31.1.4 卸载：

rpm {-e|–erase} PACKAGE_NAME

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa | grep zsh

[root@localhost Packages]#

31.1.5 检验：

rpm {-V|–verify} [select-options] [verify-options]

S file Size differs

M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)

5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs

D Device major/minor number mismatch

L readLink(2) path mismatch

U User ownership differs

G Group ownership differs

T mTime differs

P caPabilities differ

[root@localhost Packages]# vim /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/MACHINES

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -V zsh

S.5….T. d /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/MACHINES

missing d /usr/share/man/man1/zshzle.1.gz

[root@localhost Packages]#

31.1.6 包来源合法性及完整性验证

完整性验证：SHA256

来源合法性验证：RSA

数据加密方法：

（1）对称加密：加密和解密使用同一个密码

（2）公钥加密（非对称加密）：每个密码都成对儿出现，一个为私钥(secret key)，一个为公钥(public key)，一个用来加密，一个用来解密

（3）单向加密，散列加密（可以由明文取得密文，但不能由密文取得明文）：提取数据特征码，常用于数据完整性校验

单向加密特点

雪崩效应（蝴蝶效应）：初始条件的微小改变会引起结果的巨大改变

[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cp /etc/inittab ./

[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab

66a88d6c4d693170753ea3382f8bc150 inittab

[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vim inittab

-bash: vim: command not found

[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vi inittab

[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab

568c018aebe36cf208fc32c465e4b120 inittab

定长输出

MD5：Message Digest, 128位定长输出

SHA1：Secure Hash Algorithm, 160位定长输出

密码前面一般会有加上的杂质（salt），防止相同用户的密码显示的密文相同

31.1.7 导入所需要的公钥

rpm -import /PATH/FROM/GPG-PUBKEY-FILE

CentOS 7 发行版光盘提供的密钥文件：RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm -import RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

31.1.8 数据库重建

rpm {–initdb|–rebuilddb}

initdb:初始化

如果事先不存在数据库则新建之，否则，不执行任何操作

rebuilddb：重建

无论当前存在与否，直接重新创建数据库；

[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm –initdb

[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm –rebuilddb

[root@localhost cd-rom]#

30、程序包管理之一-程序及库简介

30.1 程序及库简介

30.1.1 POSIX

API:Application Program Interface

POSIX:Portable OS，定义了不同系统如何提供统一的API

30.1.2 程序运行流程

程序源代码à预处理à编译à汇编à链接

静态编译

共享编译：.so

30.1.3 Windows和Linux程序兼容方式

ABI:Application Binary Interface

Windows与Linux的ABI不兼容

库级别的虚拟化

WINE:Windows库的虚拟化，让Windows程序可在Linux上运行

cywin：Linux库的虚拟化，让Linux程序可在Windows上运行

30.1.4 应用程序开发

系统级开发（面向底层进行开发）

C，C++

应用级开发（面向系统和库进行开发）

java,python,phpdeb,perl,ruby

二进制应用程序的组成部分：

二进制文件，库文件，配置文件，帮助文件

30.2程序包管理

30.2.1 程序包管理器：

debian:包名deb,包管理器dpt

redhat:包名rpm，包管理器rpm（Redhat Package Manager）

RPM is Package Manager(C语言研发)

Gentoo

Archlinux

30.2.2 程序源代码及rpm包

1、程序源代码：name-VERSION.tar.gz

VERSION:major.monor.release

2、rpm包

命名方式

name-VERSION-ARCH.rpm

VERSION:major.monor.release

ARCH:release(rpm包的release).os(支持的linux型号).arch(支持的cpu型号)

常见的arch：

x86:i386,i486,i586,i686

x86_64:x64,x86_64,amd64

powerpc:ppc

跟平台无关：noarch

例：zlib-1.2.7-17.el7.x86_64.rpm

程序包拆包

testapp：

testapp-VERSION-ARCH.rpm：主包

testapp-devel-VERSION-RACH.rpm：支包

testapp-testing-VERSION-RACH.rpm

依赖关系

X依赖Y，Y依赖Z

ldd + 程序：查看二进制程序的依赖关系

[root@localhost ~]# ldd /bin/ls

linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffb09b7000)

libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f69482d3000)

libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00007f69480ce000)

libacl.so.1 => /lib64/libacl.so.1 (0x00007f6947ec4000)

libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f6947af6000)

libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f6947894000)

libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f694768f000)

/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055807796f000)

libattr.so.1 => /lib64/libattr.so.1 (0x00007f694748a000)

libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f694726e000)

[root@localhost ~]#

管理及查看本机装载的库文件：

ldconfig

/sbin/ldconfig -p:显示本机已经缓存的所有可用库文件及文件路径映射

配置文件为：/etc/ld.so.conf,/etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

缓存文件：/etc/ld.so.cache

[root@localhost ~]# ldconfig -p | head -10

1095 libs found in cache /etc/ld.so.cache

p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so

libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1

libyelp.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyelp.so.0

libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2

libxtables.so.10 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.10

libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1

libxshmfence.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxshmfence.so.1

libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2

libxmlsec1.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlsec1.so.1

[root@localhost ~]#

30.2.3 包管理器的前端工具

yum：rpm包管理器的前端工具，用于解决依赖关系，自动下载所需要的程序及其依赖包

apt-get:deb包管理器前端工具

zypper：suse上的rpm前端管理工具

dnf：Fedora 22+ rpm包管理器的前端管理工具

30.2.4 程序包管理

程序包管理：

功能：将编译好的应用程序的各组成文件打包成一个或几个程序文件，从而方便快捷的实现程序的安装，卸载，查询，升级，校验等管理操作

1、程序的组成清单(每个包独有)

文件清单

安装或卸载时运行的脚本

2、数据库（公共）

程序包名称及版本

依赖关系；

功能说明；

安装生成的各文件的文件路径及校验码信息

管理程序包的方式：

使用包管理器：rpm

使用前端工具：yum,dnf

获取程序包的路径：

1、系统发行版的光盘或者是官方的服务器

CentOS镜像：

http://mirrors.aliyun.com

http://mirrors.sohu.com

http://mirrors.163.com

2、项目官方站点

3、第三方组织：

Fedora-EPEL

搜索引擎：

http://pkgs.org

http://rpmfind.net

http://rpm.pgone.net

4、自己制作

建议：检查其合法性

来源合法性；程序包的完整性；

29、btrfs文件系统简介

29.1 Btrfs(B-tree,Butter FS,Better FS)

GPL,Oracle,2007,CoW;ext3/ext4,xfs

1、核心特性：

多物理卷支持：btrfs可由多个底层物理卷组成；支持RAID，以”联机添加“，“移除”，“修改”；

写时复制更新机制（CoW）：复制、更新及替换指针，而非“就地”更新

数据及元数据校验码：checksum

子卷：sub_volume

快照：支持快照的快照

透明压缩

2、文件系统创建：

mkfs.btrfs

-L ‘LABEL’

-d <type>: raid0.raid1,raid5,raid6,raid10,single

-m <profile>:raid0,raid1,raid5,raid6,raid10,single,dup

属性查看：

btrfs filesystem show

挂载文件系统：

mount -t btrfs /dev/sdb MOUNT_POINT

透明压缩机制：

mount -o compress={lzo|zlib} DEVICE MOUNT_POINT

3、子命令：filesystem,device,balance,subvolume

btrfs-convert：将ext文件系统转换为btrfs或者将btrfs转换为ext文件系统

28、LVM2详解及until

28.1 LVM

Logical Volume Manager,Version: 2

28.1.1 DM和MD

cat /proc/filesystems : 查看当前内核所支持文件系统类型

RAID: 独立冗余磁盘阵列

Linux：硬件，软件

/dev/md#

Linux中两种不同的设备类型

MD: Multi Device, 多设备

MD, DM

/dev/md#

meta device

DM: Device Mapper,将一个或多个底层块设备组织成一个逻辑设备的模块

逻辑设备

RAID, LVM2（逻辑卷）

DM: 通常用于LVM2

/dev/dm-#

组件：

快照：将要改变的数据进行备份，实现数据的备份（数据备份：避免因为误操作或者文件删除的情况造成的损失）

多路径

物理卷（PE）-》卷组（VG）-》逻辑卷（LE）

28.2 PV，VG管理

28.2.1 PV管理工具

pvs：简要pv信息展示

pvdisplay:显示pv的详细信息

pvcreate /dev/DEVICE:创建PV

-v 显示创建过程

pvmove:pv移除，在vgreduce之前要先移除

[root@localhost ~]# pvs

/dev/md0: read failed after 0 of 4096 at 0: Input/output error

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

/dev/sdb2 centos lvm2 a– <99.00g 4.00m

[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay

/dev/md0: read failed after 0 of 4096 at 0: Input/output error

— Physical volume —

PV Name /dev/sdb2

VG Name centos

PV Size <99.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB

Allocatable yes

PE Size 4.00 MiB

Total PE 25343

Free PE 1

Allocated PE 25342

PV UUID 0R0BFP-witm-SfMZ-d9an-26rT-JDtg-XzwGqy

[root@localhost ~]#

28.2.2 VG管理工具

vgcreate VG_NAME /PATH/TO/PV：创建vg

-v 显示过程

-s #: PE大小，默认为4MB

vgs：简要vg信息展示

vgdisplay：显示pv的详细信息

vgextend:扩展

vgreduce：vg缩减

vgremove:删除vg

28.3 lv逻辑卷配置

28.3.1 LV管理工具

lvs:简要lv信息展示

lvdisplay:显示lv的详细信息

lvcreate -n LV_NAME -L #[mMgGtT] VG_NAME：创建lv

-n：指明逻辑卷名称

-L：指定大小

-l：指定逻辑盘区的数量

lvremove：删除逻辑卷

创建分区：创建物理边界

创建文件系统：创建逻辑边界（紧贴着物理边界）

28.3.2 扩展逻辑卷；

lvextend：扩展逻辑卷物理边界

-L [+]#[mMgGtT] /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME

+可带可不带，不带的话代表的是扩展的目标大小

resize2fs：扩展文件系统边界(不指定大小则为使用分区所有大小)

resize2fs -p /PATH/TO/LV

28.3.3 缩减逻辑卷；

注意：1、不能在线缩减，必须先卸载；

2、确保缩减后的空间大小依然能存储原有的所有数据；

3、在缩减之前应该先强行检查文件，以确保文件系统处于一至性状态；

操作过程：

df -lh

umount

e2fsck -f

resize2fs：缩减文件系统边界

resize2fs /PATH/TO/PV 3G

lvreduce -L [-]# /PATH/TO/LV（缩减逻辑卷物理边界）

mount重新挂载

[root@localhost ~]# umount /test

[root@localhost ~]# mount /test

mount: cant find /test in /etc/fstab

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/mypv/mvvg /test

mount: special device /dev/mypv/mvvg does not exist

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/mypv/myvg /test

mount: special device /dev/mypv/myvg does not exist

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv /test

[root@localhost ~]# resize

resize2fs resizecons resizepart

[root@localhost ~]# resize

resize2fs resizecons resizepart

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mylv is mounted on /test; on-line resizing required

old_desc_blocks = 16, new_desc_blocks = 40

The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv is now 5242880 blocks long.

[root@localhost ~]# df -lh

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.7M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv 4.9G 3.2M 4.7G 1% /test

[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/myvg/mylv

[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

MYLV: 12/327680 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 119806/5242880 blocks

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv 3G

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv to 3145728 (1k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv is now 3145728 blocks long.

[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce /dev/myvg/mylv 3G

No command with matching syntax recognised. Run ‘lvreduce –help’ for more information.

Correct command syntax is:

lvreduce -L|–size [-]Size[m|UNIT] LV

[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce /dev/myvg/mylv -L 3G

WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB.

THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)

Do you really want to reduce myvg/mylv? [y/n]: y

Size of logical volume myvg/mylv changed from 5.00 GiB (1280 extents) to 3.00 GiB (768 extents).

Logical volume myvg/mylv successfully resized.

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv /test

[root@localhost ~]# df -lh

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.7M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv 3.0G 3.2M 2.8G 1% /test

[root@localhost ~]#

28.3.4 快照卷（snapshot）

1、生命周期为整个数据时长；在这段时长内，数据的增长量不能超出快照卷大小；

2、快照卷应该是只读的；

3、跟原卷在同一卷组内；

创建过程

lvcreate

-s：创建快照卷

-p r|w：指定权限

lvcreate -L # -n SLV_NAME -p r /PATH/TO/LV

练习1：创建一个至少有两个PV组成的大小为20G的名为testvg的VG，要求PE大小为16MB，而后在卷组中创建大小为5G逻辑卷testlv，挂载至、users目录

[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc

Physical volume “/dev/sdc” successfully created.

[root@localhost ~]# pvs

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a– <99.00g 4.00m

/dev/sdb lvm2 — 20.00g 20.00g

/dev/sdc lvm2 — 20.00g 20.00g

[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg1 -s 16 /dev/sdb

Volume group “vg1” successfully created

[root@localhost ~]# vgextend vg1 -s 16 /dev/sdc

vgextend: invalid option — ‘s’

Error during parsing of command line.

[root@localhost ~]# vgextend vg1 /dev/sdc

Volume group “vg1” successfully extended

[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay

— Volume group —

VG Name centos

System ID

Format lvm2

Metadata Areas 1

Metadata Sequence No 4

VG Access read/write

VG Status resizable

MAX LV 0

Cur LV 3

Open LV 3

Max PV 0

Cur PV 1

Act PV 1

VG Size <99.00 GiB

PE Size 4.00 MiB

Total PE 25343

Alloc PE / Size 25342 / 98.99 GiB

Free PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB

VG UUID fE3YOB-nPtn-bYfY-RZX4-moqi-3YMu-6deJXo

— Volume group —

VG Name vg1

System ID

Format lvm2

Metadata Areas 2

Metadata Sequence No 2

VG Access read/write

VG Status resizable

MAX LV 0

Cur LV 0

Open LV 0

Max PV 0

Cur PV 2

Act PV 2

VG Size <39.97 GiB

PE Size 16.00 MiB

Total PE 2558

Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0

Free PE / Size 2558 / <39.97 GiB

VG UUID Qf0Sfr-gRzG-vmmJ-7mTK-NUln-LlRj-U2IYJ2

[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -n testlv -L 5G vg1

WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/vg1/testlv at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y

Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/vg1/testlv.

Logical volume “testlv” created.

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /users

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/vg1/testlv

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks

65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280

40 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg1/testlv /users

[root@localhost ~]# mount

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)

proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=3985976k,nr_inodes=996494,mode=755)

securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)

tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755)

tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)

pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)

configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)

/dev/mapper/centos-root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)

systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=35,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=10884)

mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel)

hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel)

debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

/dev/mapper/centos-home on /home type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)

tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=799408k,mode=700)

/dev/mapper/vg1-testlv on /users type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered)

练习2：新建用户archlinux，要求其家目录为/users/archlinux,而后su切换至archlinux用户，复制/etc/pam.d目录至自己的家目录，

[root@localhost ~]# man useradd

[1]+ Stopped man useradd

[root@localhost ~]# ls /

bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys test tmp users usr var

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -b /users archlinux

[root@localhost ~]# su – archlinux

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ cp -a /etc/pam.d/ ~/

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ ls

pam.d

[archlinux@localhost ~]$

练习3：扩展testlv至7G，要求archlinux的文件不能丢失

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ lvextend -L 7G /dev/vg1/testlv

WARNING: Running as a non-root user. Functionality may be unavailable.

/run/lvm/lvmetad.socket: access failed: Permission denied

WARNING: Failed to connect to lvmetad. Falling back to device scanning.

/dev/mapper/control: open failed: Permission denied

Failure to communicate with kernel device-mapper driver.

Incompatible libdevmapper 1.02.140-RHEL7 (2017-05-03) and kernel driver (unknown version).

/run/lock/lvm/V_vg1:aux: open failed: Permission denied

Cant get lock for vg1

Cannot process volume group vg1

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ umount /dev/vg1/testlv

umount: /users: umount failed: Operation not permitted

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ su – root

Password:

Last login: Tue Jul 27 03:26:48 EDT 2021 from 192.168.77.2 on pts/0

[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/vg1/testlv

umount: /users: target is busy.

(In some cases useful info about processes that use

the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))

[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep archlinux

root 1917 1463 0 04:01 pts/0 00:00:00 su – archlinux

root 1974 1953 0 04:21 pts/0 00:00:00 grep –color=auto archlinux

[root@localhost ~]# exit

logout

[archlinux@localhost ~]$ exit

logout

[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep archlinux

root 1977 1463 0 04:22 pts/0 00:00:00 grep –color=auto archlinux

[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/vg1/testlv

[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 7G /dev/vg1/testlv

Size of logical volume vg1/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents).

Logical volume vg1/testlv successfully resized.

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg1/testlv

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Please run ‘e2fsck -f /dev/vg1/testlv’ first.

[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vg1/testlv

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

/dev/vg1/testlv: 48/327680 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 58493/1310720 blocks

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg1/testlv

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vg1/testlv to 1835008 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/vg1/testlv is now 1835008 blocks long.

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg1/testlv /users/

[root@localhost ~]# df -lh

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.7M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/vg1-testlv 6.8G 23M 6.4G 1% /users

[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# ls /users/archlinux/

pam.d

[root@localhost ~]#

练习4：收缩testlv至3G，要求archlinux的文件不能丢失

[root@localhost ~]# df -lh

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.6M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/vg1-testlv 6.8G 23M 6.4G 1% /users

[root@localhost ~]# umount /users

[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vg1/testlv

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

/dev/vg1/testlv: 48/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 67358/1835008 blocks

[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg1/testlv 3G

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vg1/testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/vg1/testlv is now 786432 blocks long.

[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce /dev/vg1/testlv 3G

No command with matching syntax recognised. Run ‘lvreduce –help’ for more information.

Correct command syntax is:

lvreduce -L|–size [-]Size[m|UNIT] LV

[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce /dev/vg1/testlv -L 3G

WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB.

THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)

Do you really want to reduce vg1/testlv? [y/n]: y

Size of logical volume vg1/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents).

Logical volume vg1/testlv successfully resized.

[root@localhost ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

home centos -wi-ao—- <41.12g

root centos -wi-ao—- 50.00g

swap centos -wi-ao—- <7.88g

testlv vg1 -wi-a—– 3.00g

[root@localhost ~]# mount /test

mount: cant find /test in /etc/fstab

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg1/testlv /users

[root@localhost ~]# df -lh

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.6M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/vg1-testlv 2.9G 16M 2.7G 1% /users

[root@localhost ~]# ls /users/archlinux/

pam.d

[root@localhost ~]#

练习5：对testlv创建快照，并尝试基于快照备份数据，验证快照的功能

[root@localhost ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

home centos -wi-ao—- <41.12g

root centos -wi-ao—- 50.00g

swap centos -wi-ao—- <7.88g

testlv vg1 -wi-ao—- 3.00g

[root@localhost ~]# cd /users/archlinux/

[root@localhost archlinux]# touch test

[root@localhost archlinux]# touch test1

[root@localhost archlinux]# ls

test test1

[root@localhost archlinux]# lvcreate -s -n testlv-snap -p r -L 500M /dev/vg1/testlv

Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB.

Rounding up size to full physical extent 512.00 MiB

Logical volume “testlv-snap” created.

[root@localhost archlinux]# mount /dev/vg1/testlv-snap /backup/

mount: /dev/mapper/vg1-testlv–snap is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@localhost archlinux]# ls /backup/archlinux/

test test1

[root@localhost archlinux]# rm -rf test

[root@localhost archlinux]# ls

test1

[root@localhost archlinux]# ls /backup/archlinux/

test test1

[root@localhost archlinux]#

28.4 脚本完成磁盘分区格式化

28.4.1脚本编程及until简介

1、控制结构

脚本编程控制结构：

顺序

选择

case

循环

for

while

until

2、while

while CONDITION; do

statment

done

进入循环：条件满足

退出循环：条件不满足

3、until

until CONDITION; do

statement

…

done

进入循环：条件不满足

退出循环：条件满足

4、for的两种形式

for 变量 in 列表; do

循环体

done

for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )); do {例for（（i=1;i<10;i++））;do}

循环体

done

5、continue

写一个脚本：

1、通过ping命令测试192.168.0.151到192.168.0.254之间的所有主机是否在线，

如果在线，就显示”ip is up.”，其中的IP要换为真正的IP地址，且以绿色显示；

如果不在线，就显示”ip is down.”，其中的IP要换为真正的IP地址，且以红色显示；

要求：分别使用while，until和for(两种形式)循环实现。

ping

-c

-W

写一个脚本(前提：请为虚拟机新增一块硬盘，假设它为/dev/sdb)，为指定的硬盘创建分区：

1、列出当前系统上所有的磁盘，让用户选择，如果选择quit则退出脚本；如果用户选择错误，就让用户重新选择；

2、当用户选择后，提醒用户确认接下来的操作可能会损坏数据，并请用户确认；如果用户选择y就继续，n就退出；否则，让用户重新选择；

3、抹除那块硬盘上的所有分区(提示，抹除所有分区后执行sync命令，并让脚本睡眠3秒钟后再分区)；并为其创建三个主分区，第一个为20M，第二个为512M, 第三个为128M，且第三个为swap分区类型；(提示：将分区命令通过echo传送给fdisk即可实现)

fdisk -l |grep “

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1

sync

sleep 3

RAID

LVM：

逻辑卷的缩减

扩展

快照卷

while CONDITION; do

循环体

done

while [ $VAR != ‘quit’ ];do

done

27、RAID及mdadm命令

27.1 文件系统基本概念

ext2: 文件系统块组组成：

超级块、GDT、block bitmap、inode bitmap、data blocks

驱动程序：将CPU的控制指令转换为特定设备要执行的操作（一般由硬件厂商提供）

控制器：直接继承的设备

适配器：非继承的

硬盘类型

IDE总线：速度133Mbps

SATA（1,2，3）：300Mbps，600Mbps，6Gbps

USB 3.0:480Mbps

SCSI（Small Computer System Interface）：有自己的CPU可以分担大CPU的存储负担（目前RAID常用）

SAS：（目前RAID常用）

27.2 RAID

RAID（Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive/Independent Disks ）

廉价/独立冗余磁盘阵列（之前叫廉价，后来发现成本不低，就改成了独立）

Berkeley(美国加州大学伯克利分校的一位教授的论文)：A case for Redundent Arrays of Inexpensive Disks RAID

提高I/O能力：

磁盘并行读写

提高耐用性：

磁盘冗余来实现

RAID实现的方式：

Hardware RAID

外接式磁盘阵列，通过扩展RAID卡实现外界磁盘阵列；

内接式RAID：主板集成RAID控制器

Software RAID：

RAID控制器：可以控制多个硬盘的控制器

RAID LEVEL

级别：仅代表磁盘组织方式不同，没有上下之分；

RAID10优于RAID01

RAID0：条带

性能提升: 读，写

冗余能力（容错能力）: 无

空间利用率：1*min（S1，S2…）

至少2块盘

RAID1：镜像

性能表现：写性能略有下降，读性能提升

冗余能力：有

空间利用率：1*min（S1，S2…）

至少2块盘

RAID2

RAID3

RAID4:

校验码：硬件备份和冗余机制

校验码盘容易成为性能瓶颈：解决方案，轮换成为校验码盘

有一块专门的盘存储校验码（异或制，此块盘为性能瓶颈）

性能表现：读，写提升

冗余能力：有

空间利用率：(N-1)*min(S1,S2,…)

至少需要3块

RAID5:

性能表现：读，写提升

冗余能力：有（1块盘）

空间利用率：(N-1)*min(S1,S2,…)

至少需要3块

RAID6：

性能表现：读，写提升

冗余能力：有（2块盘）

空间利用率：(N-2)*min(S1,S2,…)

至少需要3块

RAID10:先作镜像再做条带(相对更可靠)

性能表现：读、写提升

冗余能力：有(每组镜像最多只能坏一块)

空间利用率：N*min(S1,S2,…)/2

至少需要4块

RAID01:先做条带再做镜像，

性能表现：读、写提升

冗余能力：有

空间利用率：N*min(S1,S2,…)/2

至少需要4块

RAID50:（先做RAID5，再做RAID0）

性能表现：读、写提升

冗余能力：有

空间利用率：(N-2)/N*min(S1,S2,…)/2

至少需要6块

RAID7

jbod:将多个小盘组成一个大盘

性能表现：无提升

冗余能力：无

空间利用率：100%(SUM(S1,S2…..))

至少需要2块

常用级别：RAID0，RAID1，RAID5，RAID10，RAID50，JBOD

27.3 RAID实现

27.3.1 硬件RAID

在主板上有个RAID控制器，通过BIOS进行控制更改

27.3.2 软件RAID

通过内核中的md模块来手动配置RAID

md:multi disks/devices

软RAID设备必须被标识为fd类型，避免系统崩溃以后RAID设备无法再访问

/proc/mdstat:显示当前系统所有启动的RAID

逻辑RIAD：

/dev/md0

/dev/md1

mdadm（md管理器）:

将任何块设备做成RAID（同一块硬盘两个分区也可以做，但没有性能提升的意义）

支持的RAID级别：LINEAR，RAID0，RAID1，RAID4,RAID5,RAID6,RAID10等

模式化的命令：

创建模式

-C

专用选项：

-l: 指明要创建的RAID级别

-n #: 设备个数

-a {yes|no}: 是否自动为其创建设备文件

-c: 指定CHUNK（条带）大小, 2^n，默认为64K

-x #: 指定空闲盘个数

管理模式

-a：添加磁盘

-r：移除磁盘

-f：标记指定磁盘为损坏

–add, –remove, –fail

mdadm /dev/md# –fail /dev/sda7

监控模式

-F

增长模式

-G

装配模式

-A

查看RAID阵列的详细信息

-D /dev/md#

–detail

–scan > /etc/mdadm.conf（将当前RAID信息保存至配置文件，以便以后进行装配：）

停止阵列：

-S /dev/md#

–stop

例：创建一个10G可用空间的3块盘

[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -n 3 -l 5 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3

mdadm: Fail to create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node

mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata

mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat

Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]

md0 : active raid5 sda3[3] sda2[1] sda1[0]

10475520 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [UU_]

[==>………………] recovery = 10.6% (556540/5237760) finish=0.7min speed=111308K/sec

unused devices: <none>

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /test

[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /test

[root@localhost ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 2.6G 48G 6% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 8.7M 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sdb1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot

/dev/mapper/centos-home 42G 33M 42G 1% /home

tmpfs 781M 0 781M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /test

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /etc/md0

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Could not stat /etc/md0 — No such file or directory

The device apparently does not exist; did you specify it correctly?

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md0

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks

655360 inodes, 2618880 blocks

130944 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952

80 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632